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Putusan MKMK: Anwar Usman diberhentikan sebagai Ketua MK, terbukti melanggar kode etik berat

Majelis Kehormatan Mahkamah Konstitusi (MKMK) memutuskan untuk menjatuhkan sanksi memberhentikan Anwar Usman sebagai Ketua MK pada Selasa (07/11), setelah terbukti melanggar kode etik dan perilaku hakim MK terkait putusan kasus batas usia calon presiden.

“Menyatakan hakim terlapor terbukti melakukan pelanggaran berat terhadap kode etik dan perilaku hakim konstitusi, sebagaimana tertuang dalam Sapta Karsa Hutama, prinsip ketidakberpihakan, prinsip integritas, prinsip kecakapan dan keseataraan, independensi dan kepantasan dan kesopanan,” kata Ketua MKMK, Jimly Asshidiqqie, dalam pembacaan putusannya di Gedung MK, Jakarta, Selasa (07/11)

Dengan pembuktian ini, MKMK menjatuhkan sanksi pemberhentian kepada Anwar Usman dari jabatan ketua MK.

“Memerintahkan wakil ketua Mahkamah Konstitusi untuk dalam waktu 2×24 jam sejak putusan ini selesai diucapkan, memimpin penyelenggaraan pemilihan pemimpin yang baru, sesuai peraturan perundang-undangan,” tambah Jimly.

Putusan ini dibacakan setelah MKMK merampungkan proses pemeriksaan dugaan pelanggaran etik hakim pada Jumat pekan lalu.

Selain itu, kata Jimly, Anwar Usman juga tidak berhak mencalonkan diri, atau dicalonkan sebagai pimpinan Mahkamah Konstitusi, sampai masa jabatan hakim terlapor sebagai hakim konstitusi berakhir.

“Hakim terlapor tidak diperkenankan terlibat atau melibatkan diri, dalam pemeriksaan dan pengambilan keputusan dalam pekara perselisihan hasil pemilu, pemilihan presiden dan wakil presiden, pemilihan anggota DPR, DPD dan DPRD, serta pemilihan gubernur, bupati dan wali kota, yang memiliki potensi timbulnya benturan kepentingan,” kata mantan ketua MK periode 2003-2008.
Namun, terdapat dissenting opinion yang disampaikan oleh anggota MKMK, Bintan R. Saragih, yang menurutnya sanksi yang dijatuhkan kepada ipar Jokowi tersebut sebagai “diberhentikan dengan tidak hormat.”

Secara keseluruhan, MKMK memeriksa 11 isu pelanggaran etik hakim MK terkait putusan batas usia capres-cawapres yang akhirnya membuka jalan bagi putra Joko Widodo, Gibran Rakabuming Raka, menjadi calon wakil presiden di Pilpres 2024 di umur 36 tahun.

Kesebelas isu itu mencakup soal Ketua Mahkamah Konstitusi, Anwar Usman, yang tak mengundurkan diri saat memutus perkara 90/PUU-XXI/2023 tersebut.

Isu ini menjadi persoalan karena Anwar merupakan ipar Jokowi, yang berarti juga paman dari Gibran. Dengan demikian, Anwar sebenarnya memiliki konflik kepentingan.

Masalah lainnya mencakup kebohongan Anwar dan dugaan pembiaran delapan hakim konstitusi lain ketika sang ketua MK turut memutus perkara walau terdapat potensi konflik kepentingan.

Dari 21 laporan, MKMK menjadikan empat putusan yang dibaca, Selasa (07/11). Ketua MKMK Jimly Asshiddiqie mengatakan, pihaknya menjadikan 4 putusan untuk efisiensi.

Menjelang pembacaan putusan MKMK, ratusan orang menggelar aksi di kawasan Patung Kuda Arjuna Wiwaha, yang berlokasi di dekat Gedung MK.

Putusan MKMK tidak menyentuh perkara Gibran
Namun, keputusan MKMK ini tidak menyentuh “perkara 90” yang menuai polemik. Perkara yang diputuskan oleh Anwar Usman ini mengenai syarat capres-cawapres di bawah usia 40 tahun selama bakal calon berpengalaman sebagai kepala daerah.

“Majelis kehormatan tidak berwenang menilai putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi, keputusan Mahkamah Konstitusi No.90/PUU/XXI/2023,” tambah Jimly.

Selain itu, penggunaan Undang Undang Kekuasaan Kehakiman tidak relevan digunakan dalam putusan ini.

Salah satu pasalnya, menyebutkan bahwa hakim terbukti melanggar konflik kepentingan bisa langsung diberi sanksi, dan memerintahkan pemeriksaan kembali perkara yang sama dengan yang sudah diputus sebelumnya tanpa hakim melibatkan yang memiliki konflik kepentingan.

“Tidak dapat diberlakukan dalam putusan perkara pengujian undang undang terhadap Undang Undang Dasar oleh Mahkamah Konstitusi,” tambah Jimly.

MKMK juga memutuskan seluruh hakim konstitusi terbukti melanggar kode etik dan perilaku hakim konstitusi terkait dengan dugaan kebocoran rapat tertutup, serta praktik pelanggaran berbenturan kepentingan sudah menjadi kebiasaan yang wajar, dan tidak ada saling mengingatkan antar hakim.

Dalam konteks perkara ini, seluruh hakim konstitusi dikenakan sanksi teguran lisan.

Dugaan kebohongan Anwar Usman
Ketua MKMK, Jimly Asshiddiqie, mengungkap dugaan kebohongan ini pada 1 November lalu, setelah memeriksa sejumlah hakim konstitusi.

Dugaan kebohongan itu mencuat karena muncul dua keterangan berbeda dari para hakim mengenai alasan Anwar tak ikut Rapat Permusyawaratan Hakim (RPH) untuk menentukan putusan tiga perkara sebelumnya terkait batas usia capres dengan nomor registrasi 29, 51, dan 55/PUU-XXI/2023.

Pada akhirnya, MK menolak tuntutan ketiga perkara itu, sejalan dengan putusan-putusan terdahulu terkait gugatan batas usia capres.

Namun kemudian, Anwar mengikuti RPH untuk kasus 90/PUU-XXI/2023. Setelah kehadiran Anwar ini, sikap MK mendadak berbalik 180 derajat, yaitu mengabulkan perkara yang pada akhirnya membuka jalan bagi Gibran untuk menjadi cawapres.

Ketidakhadiran Anwar dalam tiga RPH sebelumnya itu terungkap ketika hakim konstitusi Arief Hidayat membacakan perbedaan pendapatnya (dissenting opinion) dalam sidang putusan kasus nomor 90 tersebut.

“RPH dipimpin oleh Wakil Ketua (Saldi Isra) dan saya menanyakan mengapa ketua tidak hadir. Wakil Ketua kala itu menyampaikan bahwa ketidakhadiran ketua dikarenakan untuk menghindari adanya potensi konflik kepentingan,” kata Arief saat membacakan pendapat berbedanya.

“Disebabkan, isu hukum yang diputus berkaitan erat dengan syarat usia minimal untuk menjadi calon presiden dan calon wakil presiden, di mana kerabat Ketua berpotensi diusulkan dalam kontestasi Pemilu Presiden 2024 sebagai pasangan calon presiden dan wakil presiden oleh salah satu partai politik, sehingga Ketua memilih untuk tidak ikut dalam membahas dan memutus ketiga perkara a quo.”

Namun, dalam RPH berikutnya untuk memutus kasus nomor 90, Anwar hadir. Menurut Arief, Anwar menjelaskan bahwa ia tak ikut memutus tiga perkara sebelumnya karena alasan kesehatan, bukan konflik kepentingan.

Ketika ketidakhadirannya ini menjadi sorotan publik, Anwar akhirnya buka suara pada 3 November, setelah menjalani pemeriksaan MKMK.

“Saya bersumpah, demi Allah, saya sumpah lagi, saya memang sakit. Saya sakit, tapi tetap masuk. Saya minum obat. Saya ketiduran,” katanya.

Ketidakhadiran Anwar ini merupakan salah satu aduan yang paling banyak diterima MKMK. Jimly mengatakan bahwa secara keseluruhan, Anwar juga merupakan hakim yang paling banyak dilaporkan.

Dari total 21 laporan, nama Anwar muncul 15 kali. Di bawah Anwar, menyusul nama hakim Manahan Sitompul dan hakim Guntur Hamzah dalam lima laporan. Hakim Saldi Isra dan Arief Hidayat muncul dalam empat aduan.

Hakim Enny Nurbaningsih dan Daniel Yusmic disebut dalam tiga laporan. Nama hakim Suhartoyo dan Wahiduddin Adams muncul pada satu laporan.

Pemeriksaan terhadap para hakim ini berjalan tertutup. MKMK juga tidak mempublikasikan keterangan yang diberikan oleh para hakim konstitusi.

Namun, pada Jumat lalu Jimly menyatakan bahwa MKMK sudah mengantongi bukti lengkap soal perkara etik ini.

Bisakah putusan sidang etik mengubah putusan batas usia capres-cawapres?
Jimly menegaskan bahwa hasil pemeriksaan MKMK tak akan berpengaruh pada putusan MK mengenai batas usia capres yang meloloskan Gibran. Ia menggarisbawahi kewenangan MK hanya pada ranah kode etik.

“Karena di antara laporan itu ada permintaan untuk mengubah pencapresan sampai begitu, padahal kita ini hanya kode etik, hanya menegakkan kode etik hakim, bukan mengubah keputusan MK,” kata Jimly.

Pengamat hukum tata negara dari Universitas Andalas, Feri Amsari, juga mengatakan temuan MKMK tak akan berpengaruh langsung terhadap putusan MK. Namun, publik masih bisa mengajukan perkara batas usia capres-cawapres di MK.

“Tentu saja putusan MK sifatnya final dan binding. Namun, dalam praktik di MK, dapat dilakukan pengujian ulang jika terdapat dua hal. Satu, pasal yang berbeda di UUD yang dijadikan pedoman dalam proses pengujian. Kedua, kalau ada alasan yang berbeda,” kata Feri kepada BBC News Indonesia.

Putusan MK bolehkan capres-cawapres di bawah 40 tahun, asalkan pernah atau sedang jadi pejabat negara
Majelis Kehormatan MK gelar sidang etik perdana – Apa dampaknya pada putusan batas usia capres-cawapres?
Dari dugaan kebohongan Anwar Usman sampai batas usia capres-cawapres – Apa saja yang diketahui jelang putusan MKMK?

Sebagaimana termaktub dalam Pasal 60 ayat (1) UU 8/2011, materi muatan ayat, pasal, dan/atau bagian dalam undang-undang yang telah diuji memang tidak dapat dimohonkan pengujian kembali. Namun, ada pengecualian jika materi UUD 1945 yang dijadikan dasar pengujian berbeda.

Pasal 78 Peraturan MK 2/2021 juga mengecualikan jika materi muatan dalam UUD 1945 yang dijadikan dasar pengujian berbeda, atau terdapat alasan permohonan berbeda.

“Jika putusan MKMK kemudian menemukan terjadi pelanggaran kode etik konflik kepentingan, maka menurut saya dapat dilakukan pengujian kembali pasal 169 huruf Q UU pemilu dengan alasan berbeda bahwa putusan sebelumnya telah terjadi konflik kepentingan yang melanggar etik hakim konstitusi,” ucap Feri.

“Dengan demikian, MK sendiri dapat melakukan perbaikan terhadap putusannya itu.

Lantas, apa dampak putusan MKMK?
Walau tak dapat mengubah putusan MK terkait batas usia capres, hasil sidang MKMK ini dianggap penting untuk mengembalikan kepercayaan publik.

Sejumlah pengamat memang menganggap kepercayaan publik terhadap MK tergerus akibat putusan batas usia capres-cawapres lalu.

Jimly mengatakan kepercayaan publik ini penting, terutama menjelang pemilu mendatang. Pasalnya, MK berwenang untuk memutus kasus jika muncul perselisihan hasil pemilu nantinya.

“Ini dampaknya panjang kalau MK tidak dipercaya, hasil pemilihan umum ini nanti enggak dipercaya. Dalam peralihan kepemimpinan, negara bisa chaos. Jadi enggak boleh main-main,” kata Jimly.

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