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11 Tanda Bahaya di Kehamilan Trimester 3 dan Komplikasinya


Memasuki kehamilan trimester ketiga, artinya sudah semakin dekat dengan hari perkiraan lahir. Tentunya tidak sabar bukan? Namun, ada baiknya bagi Bunda untuk mengetahui apa saja tanda bahaya kehamilan trimester 3 dan cara-cara mencegahnya.

Pada trimester terakhir kehamilan, tubuh akan bersiap untuk proses persalinan. Dengan demikian, Bunda mungkin akan merasa tidak nyaman. Ketidaknyamanan yang timbul pada trimester tiga adalah hal yang normal. Lalu, apa saja tanda-tanda yang harus diwaspadai? Berikut adalah ulasannya.

Artikel Terkait: Penting! Ini Panduan Nutrisi Ibu Hamil Trimester 3 yang Perlu Diketahui

Gejala Kehamilan Trimester 3

11 Tanda Bahaya di Kehamilan Trimester 3 dan Komplikasinya, Bumil Patut Waspada!

Sumber: Freepik

1. Sesak Napas

Sekitar minggu ke-31 hingga ke-34 kehamilan, rahim mulai menekan diafragma atau otot pipih yang bergerak ke atas dan ke bawah saat kita bernapas. Perubahan ini dapat membuat paru-paru sulit untuk mengembang sepenuhnya.

Akibatnya, pernapasan akan menjadi lebih dangkal, dan Bumil mungkin akan merasa sesak napas dan mudah lelah.

Untuk mengatasinya, duduk atau berdiri dengan postur tubuh yang baik untuk memberi paru-paru lebih banyak ruang untuk mengembang.

2. Maag atau Heartburn

Gangguan pencernaan akan lebih sering terjadi selama trimester ketiga karena rahim yang membesar akan memberi tekanan pada usus dan perut. Tekanan pada perut juga dapat mendorong isi perut naik kembali ke kerongkongan sehingga menyebabkan heartburn.

Untuk mencegahnya, makanlah dalam porsi kecil tetapi sering. Selain itu, hindari makanan yang digoreng, buah jeruk, cokelat, dan makanan pedas.

3. Lebih Sering Buang Air Kecil

Saat bayi bergerak lebih dalam ke panggul, Bunda akan merasakan lebih banyak tekanan pada kandung kemih.

Hal ini menyebabkan Bumil akan lebih sering buang air kecil di trimester ketiga. Tekanan ekstra ini juga dapat menyebabkan Bunda mengeluarkan air seni secara tidak sengaja, terutama ketika tertawa, batuk, bersin, membungkuk atau mengangkat sesuatu.

Jika ini menjadi masalah, Bunda dapat mempertimbangkan untuk menggunakan panty liner.

4. Sakit Punggung

Hormon kehamilan akan mengendurkan jaringan ikat yang menahan tulang, terutama di daerah panggul. Perubahan ini sering kali menyebabkan ketidaknyamanan pada punggung selama trimester ketiga kehamilan.

Saat duduk, pilih kursi dengan penyangga punggung yang baik. Jangan lupa untuk melakukan olahraga teratur. Bunda juga bisa mengenakan sepatu hak rendah dengan dukungan lengkungan yang baik untuk punggung. Jika Bunda mengalami rasa sakit yang parah atau terus-menerus pada punggung, berkonsultasilah dengan dokter.

5. Varises dan Wasir

Peningkatan sirkulasi darah dapat menyebabkan pembuluh darah kecil berwarna merah keunguan atau yang sering disebut dengan spider veins muncul di wajah, leher, dan lengan Bumil.

Kemerahan pada kulit wajah ini biasanya memudar setelah melahirkan. Bunda mungkin juga melihat pembuluh darah bengkak atau varises di kaki. Varises yang menyakitkan dan gatal di daerah dubur atau wasir juga dapat terjadi.

Untuk meredakan pembengkakan ini, sering-seringlah berolahraga dan tinggikan posisi kaki. Makan banyak serat dalam makanan dan minum banyak cairan.

Sedangkan untuk menghilangkan wasir, berendamlah dalam bak mandi dengan air hangat atau oleskan obat yang mengandung witch hazel ke area tersebut.

6. Braxton Hicks/Kontraksi Palsu

Bunda mungkin merasakan kontraksi ringan dan tidak teratur atau sedikit rasa sesak di perut. Ini biasanya lebih sering terjadi pada sore atau malam hari, setelah aktivitas fisik atau setelah berhubungan seks.

Kontraksi palsu ini juga cenderung terjadi lebih sering dan menjadi lebih kuat saat Bunda mendekati hari perkiraan lahir. Jika kontraksi menjadi teratur dan terus meningkat kekuatannya, segera hubungi dokter.

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Tanda Bahaya Kehamilan Trimester 3

tanda bahaya kehamilan trimester 3

Sumber: Freepik

Penting untuk mengetahui perbedaan antara keluhan umum pada kehamilan trimester ketiga yang normal dan tanda-tanda potensi komplikasi.

Tanda bahaya pada kehamilan trimester 3 yang harus diwaspadai adalah:

  1. Perdarahan dari vagina
  2. Kebocoran cairan ketuban melalui vagina
  3. Keputihan dalam jumlah banyak yang mendadak
  4. Pembengkakan yang tiba-tiba atau parah di wajah, tangan, atau jari
  5. Sakit kepala parah atau yang tidak kunjung hilang
  6. Sakit atau kram di perut bagian bawah atau sakit punggung yang parah
  7. Nyeri atau sensasi terbakar saat buang air kecil Penurunan produksi urine
  8. Menggigil atau demam
  9. Muntah atau mual yang tidak kunjung hilang
  10. Pusing atau penglihatan kabur
  11. Gerakan bayi yang menurun secara tiba-tiba

Bunda juga harus waspada akan komplikasi kehamilan yaitu sebagai berikut:

1. Diabetes Gestasional

Diabetes gestasional di Indonesia terjadi pada 1,9%-3,6% kehamilan secara umum. Kondisi diabetes gestasional terjadi karena perubahan hormonal kehamilan membuat tubuh menjadi lebih sulit menggunakan insulin secara efektif. Ketika insulin tidak dapat melakukan tugasnya menurunkan gula darah ke tingkat normal, hasilnya adalah kadar glukosa (gula darah) yang sangat tinggi.

Meskipun kondisi ini biasanya tidak berbahaya bagi ibu, tetapi ini menimbulkan beberapa masalah bagi janin. Salah satunya adalah makrosomia atau pertumbuhan berlebihan janin yang dapat meningkatkan kemungkinan kelahiran sesar dan risiko cedera lahir.

Tanda atau gejala yang terkait dengan diabetes gestasional meliputi:

  • Peningkatan frekuensi buang air kecil
  • Rasa haus yang meningkat
  • Kelelahan
  • Mual dan muntah
  • Penurunan berat badan bahkan dengan nafsu makan yang meningkat
  • Penglihatan kabur
  • Infeksi ragi

Kebanyakan ibu hamil tidak menunjukkan gejala apa pun saat mengidap diabetes gestational. Oleh karena itu, pada awal trimester ketiga (antara minggu 24 dan 28), ibu hamil sebaiknya menjalani tes diabetes gestasional.

2. Preeklampsia

Preeklampsia adalah kondisi serius yang biasanya terjadi setelah 20 minggu kehamilan dan dapat menyebabkan komplikasi serius bagi ibu dan bayi.

Hingga kini penyebab pasti dari preeklampsia masih belum diketahui. Ibu usia remaja, ibu berusia 35 tahun ke atas, dan kehamilan pertama adalah beberapa faktor risiko yang berpengaruh pada preeklampsia.

Gejala dari kondisi preeklampsia tersebut meliputi:

  • Tekanan darah tinggi
  • Protein dalam urine
  • Kenaikan berat badan secara tiba-tiba
  • Pembengkakan pada tangan dan kaki
  • Sakit kepala
  • Perubahan penglihatan
  • Sakit perut bagian atas

Tanda pertama yang biasanya dilihat oleh dokter adalah tekanan darah tinggi selama kunjungan rutin prenatal. Tingkat protein mungkin terdeteksi dalam urine saat melakukan urinalisis.

Preeklampsia dapat berlanjut setelah melahirkan, meskipun bagi sebagian besar perempuan gejala mulai berkurang setelah melahirkan. Namun, terkadang obat tekanan darah diresepkan untuk waktu yang singkat setelah melahirkan.

3. Plasenta Previa

Ibu hamil dengan plasenta previa memiliki plasenta yang menghalangi pembukaan serviks. Plasenta previa akan meningkatkan risiko perdarahan sebelum dan selama persalinan. Ini bisa jadi sangat berbahaya.

Gejala umum plasenta previa adalah perdarahan vagina yang berwarna merah cerah, secara tiba-tiba, dalam jumlah banyak, dan sering kali tidak disertai nyeri.

4. Solusio Plasenta

Solusio plasenta adalah kondisi langka di mana plasenta terpisah dari rahim sebelum persalinan. Ini terjadi hingga 1 persen dari kehamilan. Solusio plasenta dapat mengakibatkan kematian janin dan dapat menyebabkan perdarahan serius dan syok pada ibu.

Solusio plasenta tidak selalu disertai dengan gejala tertentu. Namun, beberapa ibu hamil mungkin akan mengalami perdarahan vagina yang berat, sakit perut yang parah, dan kontraksi yang kuat. Beberapa di antaranya justru tidak mengalami pendarahan.

Faktor risiko untuk solusio plasenta adalah usia ibu yang sudah lanjut, diabetes, tekanan darah tinggi, kehamilan kembar, merokok dan konsumsi alkohol selama kehamilan, dan trauma pada perut.

5. Pertumbuhan Janin Terhambat

Terkadang bayi tidak akan tumbuh sebanyak yang diharapkan pada tahap tertentu dalam kehamilan. Ini dikenal sebagai pertumbuhan janin terhambat.

Akan tetapi, tidak semua bayi yang kecil mengalami kondisi ini. Sebba, ukuran tubuh janin bisa saja terpengaruh faktor genetik dari orang tua.

Pertumbuhan janin terhambat dapat mengakibatkan pertumbuhan simetris atau asimetris. Bayi dengan pertumbuhan asimetris sering kali memiliki kepala berukuran normal dengan tubuh berukuran lebih kecil.

Janin dengan kondisi ini mungkin kurang dapat menoleransi stres persalinan, dibandingkan bayi dengan ukuran normal. Ia juga cenderung memiliki lebih sedikit lemak tubuh dan lebih banyak kesulitan menjaga suhu tubuh dan kadar glukosa (gula darah) setelah lahir.

Cara Mencegah

tanda bahaya kehamilan trimester 3

Sumber: Freepik

Tidak ada cara untuk mencegah kehamilan tanpa komplikasi. Namun, ada banyak hal yang dapat Bunda lakukan untuk mengurangi risiko komplikasi yaitu diantaranya sebagai berikut:

  • Proaktif
    Bagikan riwayat kesehatan dengan dokter dan lakukan kunjungan rutin ke dokter. Jika Bunda melihat gejala yang tidak biasa, beri tahu dokter.
  • Makan dengan Benar
    Penuhi asupan buah-buahan dan sayuran, biji-bijian, produk susu rendah lemak dan protein tanpa lemak.
    Perhatikan pula porsi makan karena Bunda hanya membutuhkan 300 hingga 500 kalori ekstra per hari selama kehamilan.
  • Olahraga
    Secara umum, olahraga dengan intensitas ringan dan sedang selama 30 menit setiap hari sangat bermanfaat untuk kesehatan ibu dan bayi. Namun, sebelum melakukan olahraga, ada baiknya untuk berkonsultasi terlebih dahulu pada dokter karena kehamilan setiap ibu bisa jadi berbeda.
  • Rutin Menyikat Gigi
    Jagalah kebersihan mulut sebelum dan selama kehamilan. Beberapa penelitian telah menunjukkan bahwa ibu hamil dengan riwayat penyakit periodontal memiliki risiko lebih tinggi mengalami preeklamsia.
  • Jangan Lupa Minum Vitamin
    Beberapa kekurangan vitamin dan mineral terkait dengan risiko preeklampsia yang lebih tinggi. Oleh karena itu, jangan lupa minum vitamin kehamilan setiap hari.

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Cara Mengatasi

11 Tanda Bahaya di Kehamilan Trimester 3 dan Komplikasinya, Bumil Patut Waspada!

Sumber: Freepik

Jika Bunda berisiko tinggi mengalami komplikasi kehamilan, dokter mungkin merekomendasikan langkah-langkah pencegahan seperti pemantauan dan pengujian yang sering berdasarkan faktor risiko.

Apabila Bumil memiliki risiko masalah jantung, maka mungkin perlu menemui dokter spesialis jantung untuk menentukan pilihan pengobatan terbaik.

Komplikasi seperti diabetes gestasional atau preeklampsia yang tidak parah dapat ditangani dan dikendalikan di rumah dengan tes darah dan urine secara teratur, penghitungan tendangan harian, dan pemantauan tekanan darah.

Sedangkan kondisi yang parah biasanya dirawat di rumah sakit dengan pengawasan ketat.

***

Bumil, mari lebih waspada dengan tanda bahaya pada kehamilan trimester 3. Semoga informasi ini bermanfaat.

Artikel ditinjau oleh:

dr. Riyana Kadarsari, Sp. OG
Dokter Spesialis Obstetri dan Ginekologi
RSIA Bina Medika

Baca Juga:

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